The most damaging air most Indians breathe is inside their own kitchen.

Household air pollution from solid cooking fuel is one of the largest health burdens in the country, and it falls almost entirely on women and small children. LPG connections have expanded enormously; refill rates have not kept pace, because a cylinder costs money in a way that firewood does not.

Connection counts therefore overstate clean cooking. The measure that matters is refills per connection per year, which is published and rarely reported.

What we measure

These are the indicators this topic is built from. Each names its source and the year that source refers to, because an official figure is not the same thing as a current one.

Indicator	Unit	Source and year
Households using clean cooking fuel	% of households	NFHS-5Data year: 2019-21
LPG connections	count	PPAC / MoPNGData year: 2026 (monthly)
Refills per connection per year	count	PPACData year: 2026 (monthly)
Electrified households	%	Saubhagya / state discomsData year: 2019 scheme close; discom reporting to 2026

What we publish

A dashboard pairing connection counts with refill rates, which is where the story sits.

The brief above is written and the sources are identified. What remains is the data build. Until it publishes, no figure for this topic appears anywhere on DataSpeaks — we would rather show nothing than show a placeholder.

Where these numbers come from

How we handle gaps

Where a source has not reported for a recent year, the gap is shown as a gap. We do not interpolate to make a series look continuous or a map look complete. Where two agencies publish different figures for the same thing, both appear and we say which is which.

Reuse

Charts from this topic may be reused with credit to DataSpeaks and to the original source named above. The underlying data remains under its own licence — most Government of India datasets permit reuse with attribution, some survey microdata does not.